A Pap smear – also known as a Pap test – is a simple, routine procedure to screen for cervical cancer. While quick and often painless, this screening tool can be life-saving. According to guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), regular Pap smears are an essential part of preventive health care for women.
In this blog, Dr. Chinwe Okonkwo, DO, will break down what Pap smears are, why they matter, and what the latest screening recommendations say.
What Is a Pap Smear?
A Pap smear is a test that collects cells from the cervix – the lower, narrow part of the uterus – to check for changes that could lead to cervical cancer. It’s usually performed during a routine pelvic exam.
The test looks specifically for precancerous or abnormal cells caused most often by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. Detecting and treating these abnormal cells early can prevent cervical cancer from developing.
Why Are Pap Smears Important?
Cervical cancer used to be one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths among women in the U.S. But thanks to widespread Pap screening, both the number of new cases and deaths have decreased significantly.
According to Dr. Chinwe Okonkwo, regular Pap smear screenings are an essential part of preventive care for women, even if they feel healthy and have no symptoms.
Pap smears can:
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Detect precancerous changes before symptoms appear
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Help ensure early treatment, which is often more effective
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Reduce the risk of developing invasive cervical cancer
When Should You Start Getting Pap Smears?
Both ACOG and the CDC provide clear guidelines for when and how often women should be screened:
Ages 21–29:
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Start screening at age 21, regardless of sexual activity
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Get a Pap smear every 3 years
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HPV testing is not routinely recommended in this age group unless Pap results are abnormal
Ages 30–65:
You have a few options:
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Pap smear every 3 years, or
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HPV test alone every 5 years, or
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Co-testing (Pap + HPV) every 5 years
The best choice may depend on your personal health history and your provider’s recommendations.
Over age 65:
You may stop screening if:
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You’ve had 3 consecutive normal Pap tests, or
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2 normal co-tests within the past 10 years,
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And you’ve had no abnormal results in the past 10 years.
Women with a history of cervical cancer, HIV, a weakened immune system, or exposure to DES before birth may need more frequent screening.
Does the HPV Vaccine Change the Guidelines?
Even if you’ve received the HPV vaccine, routine Pap smears are still recommended. The vaccine provides strong protection but doesn’t prevent all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer. Screening remains essential.
What to Expect During a Pap Smear
The test usually takes just a few minutes:
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You’ll lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups.
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A speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to open it.
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Your provider collects cervical cells using a small brush or spatula.
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The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.
You may experience mild cramping or light spotting afterward, but significant discomfort is uncommon.
Tips Before Your Appointment
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Avoid douching, vaginal creams, or intercourse for 24–48 hours before the test
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Try not to schedule the test during menstruation for accurate results
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Wear comfortable clothing and relax your pelvic muscles during the exam
Bottom Line
Routine Pap smears remain one of the strongest tools for preventing cervical cancer. Following ACOG and CDC recommendations helps detect abnormal changes early—long before they become dangerous.
If you’re due for a Pap smear, unsure about your screening schedule, or have questions, speak with Dr. Chinwe Okonkwo at Maria Regina OB & GYN.
Call (316) 452-5455 or visit mariareginaobandgyn.com to schedule your appointment today.